In German, the plural of Buch [book] is Bücher and this is an example of
apophony and suffixation
suffixation
prefixation
apophony
There are two words for cousin in both French (le cousin / la cousine) and German (der Vetter / die Cousine) and they are marked for
gender
kinship
case
person
The word hyperactivity is marked by a
augmentative prefix
intensifier
amplifying affix
diminutive prefix
In English, the present-simple-tense forms of the verb be are marked for
number, person and case
number, tense and person
tense, person and aspect
case, person and gender
First-person pronouns in English are marked for
case and number
number and gender
case and gender
case only
The following are all marked forms of adjectives in English
old, young, clever, dumb
young, tall, fast, long
short, narrow, young, unpleasant
wide, long, pleasant, strong
The following are all unmarked forms of adjectives in English
old, interesting, fast, far
young, tall, fast, long
short, narrow, wide, unpleasant
wide, long, pleasant, weak
English is unusual in
not changing the word order for negatives
not changing the word order for interrogatives
using an operator to make interrogatives and negatives
not varying intonation on negatives
If a language distinctly marks the case on a determiner
word ordering becomes less important
word ordering is irrelevant
word ordering is more important
hearers and readers will always know what case the noun is in
The clause Barely did I catch the train exhibits
marked word ordering
marked structural changes
marking by word ordering and structural change
no special marking
We prefer The meeting was ruined by Mary's persistent and unnecessary interruptions to Mary's persistent and unnecessary interruptions ruined the meeting because
English prefers end focus
English prefers end weighting
We want the subject first
We like using the passive
Politeness marking in English is often achieved by
using longer and more elaborate expressions
changes to the pronouns
intonation
gesture and body language
The general assumption is that
unvoiced consonants are less marked than voiced consonants
voiced consonants are less marked than unvoiced consonants